The enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it’s the illusion of knowledge (Stephen Hawking)

It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so (Mark Twain)

Invest with smart knowledge and objective odds

YOUR DAILY EDGE: 23 May 2025

US FLASH PMI: Output growth improves in May, but prices spike higher amid tariff impact

The headline S&P Global US PMI Composite Output Index rose from 50.6 in April to 52.1 in May, according to the ‘flash’ reading (based on about 85% of usual survey responses). The rise in the index signaled an acceleration of activity growth from April’s 19-month low to the fastest since March, although it remained one of the weakest readings seen since early-2024.

image

The strongest expansion was recorded in the service sector, where business activity growth rebounded from April’s 17-month low but remained below March’s pace and the average seen in 2024. Manufacturing output meanwhile returned to growth after falling in both March and April, albeit expanding only slightly.

The improved performances were driven by faster rates of growth of new orders. Inflows of new work in the manufacturing sector notably rose at the sharpest pace for 15 months while demand growth for services was merely the strongest since March.

These order book improvements were fueled principally by domestic demand, as exports of both goods and services fell for second successive months in May.

While tariffs had in some instances reportedly helped encourage new sales to domestic customers and prompted increased activity to front-run tariff-related price hikes, trade policy was widely linked to falling foreign sales of both goods and services.

Although manufacturing reported an easing in the steep export decline reported in April, exports of services (which includes spending by foreigners in the US) fell at the sharpest rate since the pandemic lockdowns of early 2020. In fact, excluding the pandemic, the fall in exports of services was the largest recorded since comparable data were first available in late 2014.

Having slumped sharply to a two-and-a-half year low in April, sentiment among companies about their output over the coming year rebounded in May to its highest since January.

Sentiment was buoyed in part by reduced trade worries following the pause on additional tariffs and accompanying improved economic growth prospects. Confidence about the outlook rose to a four-month high in services and the best in three months in manufacturing. Goods producers also continued to display relatively greater optimism largely based on hopes of greater reshoring of production and demand switching to domestically produced goods in response to tariffs.

Despite the rebound, overall optimism was still slightly below the average seen in 2024, attributable to reports of supply worries, rising prices, ongoing uncertainty and concerns over detrimental impacts from government policies including tariffs and spending cuts.

Employment fell slightly in May, having risen in March and April, primarily reflecting concerns over future demand prospects but also in response to worries over rising costs and labor shortages.
Service sector payrolls were trimmed for the second time in four months, while manufacturing jobs were cut for a second successive month.

Manufacturers stocked up on inputs, generally citing concerns over potential tariff-related price increases and supply shortages, the latter reflected in suppliers’ delivery times lengthening in May to the greatest extent since October 2022. The increase in buying activity was the highest since July 2022 and the resulting rise in inventories of purchases was the largest recorded in the 18-year survey history.

Average prices charged for goods and services jumped higher in May, rising at a rate not witnessed since August 2022, when pandemic-related shortages caused widespread price inflation.

An especially steep rise was seen for manufacturers’ selling prices, which posted the largest monthly increase since September 2022. Charges levied for services rose to the greatest extent since April 2023.

The latest rise in output prices was overwhelmingly linked to tariffs, having directly driven up the cost of imported inputs or caused suppliers to pass through tariff-related cost increases. Manufacturing input costs rose at the sharpest rate since August 2022 while service sector costs rose at the fastest rate since June 2023.

image

The S&P Global Flash US Manufacturing PMI rose from 50.2 in April to 52.3 in May, signaling the strongest improvement in business conditions since June 2022.

Factory production moved back into expansion territory after two months of decline, and new order growth hit a 15-month high. However, the biggest positive contribution came from inventories, which rose to the greatest extent recorded since the survey began in 2009. Longer delivery times – which are typically associated with busier manufacturing supply chains –also helped push the PMI higher, with delays the most pronounced in 31 months. However, employment fell for a second successive month, acting as a drag on the PMI.

Commenting on the flash PMI data, Chris Williamson, Chief Business Economist at S&P Global Market Intelligence said:

“(…) both sentiment and output growth remain relatively subdued, and at least some of the upturn in May can be linked to companies and their customers seeking to front-run further possible tariff-related issues, most notably the potential for future tariff hikes after the 90-day pause lapses in July.

In particular, concerns over tariff-related supply shortages and price rises led to the largest accumulation of input inventories recorded since survey data were first available 18 years ago.

Supply chain delays are now more prevalent than at any time since the pandemic led to widespread shortages in 2022, and prices charged for both goods and services have spiked higher as firms and their suppliers seek to pass on tariff levies to customers. The overall rise in prices charged for goods and services in May was the steepest since August 2022, which is indicative of consumer price inflation moving sharply higher.”

image

CONSUMER WATCH

Consumers moderated spending in April

On a seasonally adjusted basis, Bank of America credit and debit card spending was flat month-over-month. While services spending recovered slightly in April, there was a MoM pullback for retail (excluding gas and restaurants) – in part reflecting the easing in “buy ahead” durables demand.

What do we see in May? So far, Bank of America card data suggests that consumer spending was flat at the start of the first half of the month, with no YoY increase in the two weeks ending on May 17.

Dwindling buying ahead was much clearer in electronics spending. While spending spiked in late March and early April, it peaked on April 12 after exemptions were granted for several electronics products including computers and smartphones, and subsequently fell below 2024 levels.

Bank of America internal data on consumer vehicle loan (CVL) applications suggests application growth remained elevated through April compared to the period between October 2024 through most of March 2025. However, it has been far lower in recent weeks.

image

  • Applications for unemployment benefits just fell to a four-week low of 227,000. It’s the latest reminder the job market remains healthy despite trade-war uncertainty and headlines about the bond market stumbling. And since these are data for the week ended May 17—the Labor Department’s survey week—the employment report might confound the skeptics yet again. Likewise, continuing unemployment claims suggest that the unemployment rate isn’t likely to rise much, if at all, and the duration of unemployment isn’t rising. Its increase in the latest week was to 1.9 million, a level that should allay recession fears. Despite job cuts at Amazon, Microsoft, Nike, and elsewhere, data suggest that a critical mass of companies are comfortable with their current staffing levels. (Ed Yardeni)

image

US Firms Face Biggest Hit on Trump Tariffs, HSBC Survey Says

US businesses are the most worried about the impact of President Donald Trump’s shifting tariff policies on their revenues, with more than half projecting a hit of at least 25% to their revenue, according to a survey by HSBC Holdings Plc.

About a quarter of US companies that took part in the British lender’s trade survey released Friday said they were forecasting their revenues more than halving over the next two years due to the impact of the levies on their supply chains.

By contrast, Chinese businesses appear more sanguine about the impact with about a quarter projecting an impact of 25% or more on revenues, though more than half expect a 10% to 25% decline.

London-based HSBC is the world’s largest trade bank and its report is based on a survey of over 5,700 international firms in 13 countries. The bank said it had found widespread concern about the impact of tariffs, with two-thirds of respondents saying they had already experienced cost increases due to tariffs and trade uncertainty.

“Everyone we’ve spoken to is planning to reshape their supply chains, look at new markets or change their business model,” Vivek Ramachandran, head of global trade solutions at HSBC, said in a Bloomberg Television interview on Friday. After building supply chains over decades to minimize costs effectively, “now they need to become resilient and they need to actually be able to move based on geopolitical concerns. That’s a big concern for companies,” he added.

Left hug Right hug Bessent Wins G-7 Partner Plaudits in First Conference Abroad

(…) During Wednesday night’s official dinner at the resort hotel in the Canadian Rockies — at a restaurant dubbed “a dining sanctuary in the sky” — Bessent was relaxed and even cracked a few jokes, sparking laughter, a person familiar with the exchanges said. Europeans at the reception had the feeling the US is figuratively back in the room and engaging, the person said.

Back in February, when the broader Group of 20 held finance and foreign minister sessions in South Africa, US principals weren’t even physically in the room. Bessent and Secretary of State Marco Rubio skipped those meetings. While Rubio attended a G-7 meeting with his counterparts in Canada in March, he avoided several group events. (…)

“The fact that we get along on a personal level is a good foundation for what will undoubtedly be difficult political discussions,” German Finance Minister Lars Klingbeil said. “The fact that we agreed to talk further and that he invited me to Washington is a sign that the conversation wasn’t so bad.”

Canadian Finance Minister Francois-Philippe Champagne struck similarly positive tones at the closing news conference on Thursday. “We get along well,” he said. “We had discussion on a number of issues. I can tell you the secretary’s contribution was welcomed by all the G-7 colleagues, in particular when we talk about supply chain resiliency.” (…)

Bank of Canada Governor Tiff Macklem said he is encouraged by the fact that Bessent was in Banff for all three days of talks. “He was very engaged and participated a lot. The atmosphere was collegiate and collective. But there is still work to do,” Macklem said at the closing news conference. (…)

“I sometimes had the feeling that we were not far from a meltdown on the financial markets,” German central bank President Joachim Nagel said in Banff. “The message in April was so strong that it got through to those involved,” he said. “That’s why I would definitely consider the talks here a success – I hadn’t expected that.”

At the same time, “It would be a mistake to think that we are returning to business as usual,” the Bundesbank chief said.

Champagne said there was discussion about the US tariff policy behind closed doors in Banff. “But I would say there’s also a very constructive discussion about what’s the way forward that we can adopt, and where can we find common ground to tackle other global challenges — like we’ve seen on overcapacity and non-market practices, which are affecting our respective economies.”

(…) “China is looking and watching,” Malaysian trade minister Zafrul Aziz, who is leading tariff negotiations with Washington on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, told the Financial Times.

“They are saying, ‘Whatever you give to the US, we want the same because whatever you give to the US is at our expense,’” Zafrul said. (…)

“If you try to be neutral and walk the middle road, the road is getting narrower and narrower, eventually it will be a knife edge and you won’t be able to stand up,” Gan [Singapore’s trade minister and deputy prime minister] told a UBS conference on Thursday.

“The key is we have to take sides, we have to take positions, we have to really do so based on principles.”

But he said the approach taken by Singapore — which plays a critical role linking China to the west — was to adopt positions on contentious geopolitical issues based on its own national concerns, rather than to side with one country over another. (…)

Heads of state and government from Asean and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries will gather in Kuala Lumpur next week to try to build a broad trade agreement between the two blocs against the backdrop of a collapse in the world trading system. Chinese Premier Li Qiang will also attend.

JPMorgan chief executive Jamie Dimon has vowed to “deepen” the bank’s engagement with China, according to a state media account of a meeting between the banker and senior Chinese officials that included Beijing’s top trade negotiator. (…)

In a meeting with trade negotiator and vice-premier He Lifeng, Dimon said the US bank would “deepen its engagement” with China’s capital markets as well as helping multinationals in the mainland and Chinese companies in their overseas development, according to the Xinhua news agency.

The vice-premier, a close ally of President Xi Jinping, said China wants US companies to “continue contributing to the healthy, stable and sustainable development of China-US economic and trade relations,” according to the Xinhua readout. (…)

This was yesterday.

Today:

Unrelated, but maybe not…:

Euro-Zone Wage Growth Sinks, Supporting Further ECB Easing

Negotiated wages rose 2.4% from a year ago in the first quarter, the ECB said Friday. That’s down from 4.1% in the final three months of 2024 and less than half the 5.4% peak recorded last year.

The data reinforce the idea that wage pressures are cooling and will eventually translate into softer underlying inflation that’s so far proven stubborn. Prices in the services sector, where salaries play an important role, rose 4% in April. (…)

Public-sector unions in Germany recently agreed to a 5.8% increase staggered over two years, calling it a “difficult result.”

An ECB tracker developed to predict future pay increases also signals a sharp slowdown toward year-end.

Analysts at Morgan Stanley have cautioned that pay indicators will remain volatile for now, partly because of the strong use of one-off payments in Germany. They predict negotiated wages will rise more strongly this quarter before abating again in the second half of the year.

image

Alien EngineAI Targets $1 Billion Valuation as Chinese Robots Heat Up

(…) EngineAI, founded in 2023, is among a coterie of up-and-coming firms hoping to take human-like robots into the mainstream. The Shenzhen-based company generated buzz this year after posting a video of one of its robots performing a frontflip.

Chinese startups such as Unitree made headlines in 2025 with a plethora of machines that dance, run and otherwise execute human-like maneuvers — albeit at times less than gracefully. EngineAI and its rivals hope to perfect the technology ahead of US competitors such as Boston Dynamics.

EngineAI expects to ship close to 1,000 robots this year and 10,000 by 2028, he said. It eventually wants to introduce robots to the household.

If the US and China can work together, we can build better robots,” Ren said. “But without such a partnership, I still believe we can create good robots” as China has a comprehensive supply chain. (…)

I asked Perplexity.ai to compare the US and China on humanoid robotics (sources linked)

Key Insights

  • AI vs. Hardware: US humanoid robots are generally superior in artificial intelligence, autonomy, and software-driven adaptability, often integrating the latest generative AI and vision-language models. Chinese robots are more advanced in hardware agility, cost efficiency, and large-scale manufacturing, with models like Unitree’s H1 and G1 excelling in speed, balance, and acrobatics 6 10 11.

  • Production and Cost: China’s manufacturing ecosystem enables rapid scaling and lower costs, making humanoid robots more accessible for industrial and consumer markets. US robots, while technologically advanced, are produced at a smaller scale and higher cost, but are closing the gap as companies like Tesla ramp up production 6 9 12.

  • Government Strategy: China’s government provides more direct support, with national and local policies aimed at making the country a global leader in humanoid robotics. The US relies more on private sector innovation and R&D funding, especially in AI and advanced hardware 5 9 10 13.

  • Market Dynamics: The US excels in AI “brains,” while China dominates in robot “bodies” and manufacturing scale. Both are racing to integrate these strengths for global leadership, but China’s pace of commercialization and cost advantage currently gives it an edge in mass deployment 6 9 12 13.

“Industry analysts believe that the United States is superior in AI technology, which is responsible for the robot’s ‘brain,’ while Chinese technology companies have flourished in the hardware manufacturing capabilities of the robot’s ‘body.’”11

In summary: US humanoid robots lead in intelligence and autonomy; Chinese robots lead in agility, affordability, and production volume. The global race is intensifying, with each side leveraging its traditional strengths—AI for the US, manufacturing for China—to shape the future of humanoid robotics 6 10 12 13.

image

A few more facts:

  • China is home to 56% of the world’s publicly traded humanoid robotics companies and 61% of global robotics unveilings since 2022 1.
  • Major cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen have launched multi-billion-yuan funds and industrial clusters to foster R&D and commercialization, explicitly supporting the training and hiring of engineers in humanoid robotics 7 13.
  • China dominates industrial robot installations (52% of the global total in 2022) 10, and the rapid scaling of companies like Unitree and AgiBot suggests thousands—potentially tens of thousands—of engineers are engaged in humanoid robotics development, manufacturing, and deployment 3 8 13.
  • The US robotics workforce is smaller than China’s, reflecting the country’s more focused, innovation-driven approach 4 5 6.
  • Leading US companies are scaling up, but the overall engineering workforce dedicated to humanoid robots is likely in the low thousands, given the smaller number of manufacturers and production volumes compared to China 5 6 9.
  • In China, the sector is described as the “next groundbreaking innovation” after computers and electric vehicles, with the government aiming to “reshape the global industrial landscape” and outpace the United States in emerging technologies 7.
  • Chinese analysts predict that, as with electric vehicles, aggressive investment and competition will drive down costs and accelerate global adoption of Chinese humanoid robots1 4 6.
Short-Term Thinking Is Driving the US’s Pivot Away from Africa Despite its interest in securing mineral supplies, the Trump administration has decided that soft power on the continent is a waste of time and money.

When South African President Cyril Ramaphosa sat down for a meeting with US President Donald Trump in the Oval Office this week, he was likely hoping to strengthen their relationship and boost trade between the two countries. Instead, Trump embarrassed the veteran politician in front of the world’s media with a video that used out-of-context and inaccurate information to suggest that a genocide of White Afrikaner farmers is taking place in South Africa, along with seizures of their land.

The genocide claim has been widely debunked, including by Afrikaner rights groups that decry murders of local farmers. (As if to head off the accusation, Ramaphosa brought two White South African professional golfers and the country’s White agriculture minister to the meeting with Trump, saying, “If there was Afrikaner farmer genocide I can bet you these three gentlemen would not be here.”) But that reality hasn’t stopped the US from using the charges as justification to cease almost all aid to South Africa and boycott Group of 20 meetings being held in the country.

The May 22 sit-down was a far cry from Dec. 3, 2024, when then-President Joe Biden visited the Angolan capital of Luanda to celebrate the US’s pivotal role in reviving a 122-year-old railway. The $2.3 billion project aims to expedite the delivery of critical minerals from parts of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the Angolan port of Lobito — securing an American foothold in the exploitation of some of the world’s biggest deposits of copper and cobalt and signifying US re-engagement with the continent after well over a decade of indifference opened the door to China.

In the space of just six months, and one presidential inauguration later, that rapprochement lies in tatters.

The Trump administration maintains that it’s interested in Africa — specifically in mineral supplies — and talks of bespoke deals with both Congo and Rwanda even as the Lobito project forges ahead. But its actions have set back those aims and harmed its ambition of weakening China’s status as partner of choice for the continent.

In the space of four months, Trump and his appointees have abruptly canceled billions of dollars of health aid for the continent, threatening to reignite an HIV pandemic that had been brought under control. Humanitarian assistance has been slashed, prompting the United Nations World Food Programme to tell staff that it’s “significantly cutting the number of people we can feed.” The organization’s two biggest appeals are in Sudan, where war has left half the population facing extreme hunger, and Congo.

The US also reneged on a pledge to provide $555 million in development finance to Africa’s main multilateral lender, the African Development Bank, and withdrew a $1 billion commitment to a landmark climate finance agreement in South Africa. A broad free-trade agreement in place for 25 years has been effectively scrapped by Trump’s tariffs, including a 50% levy on the nation of Lesotho, which the US president belittled in his state of the union address as a “country nobody has ever heard of.”

(…) Trump has effectively decided that so-called soft power, long seen as a way of building alliances between the US and developing nations, is a waste of time and money.

“Every dollar we spend, every program we fund, and every policy we pursue must be justified with the answer to three simple questions,” US Secretary of State Marco Rubio said in his Jan. 15 Senate confirmation hearing. “Does it make America safer? Does it make America stronger? Does it make America more prosperous?” (…)

Across the continent, Trump’s aid cuts and reneged pledges have created a climate of uncertainty and ill will toward the US. Analysts say that Africa may chafe at being reduced to a source of critical minerals — resentment that could come back to haunt the United States if it isn’t the only potential partner. (…)

“What the US is saying very boldly is this is going to be a transactional world,” Nowrojee said. “Even if you are somebody who’s on the poverty line with HIV-AIDS, the question is still the same: What can you do for us?”

The turmoil and abrupt policy changes risk undermining the US’s goal of furthering its interests in the region, and are also creating opportunities for China and an array of other powers competing for the continent’s treasure trove of minerals. That’s a race that the world’s biggest economy was already losing.

(…) other nations have already been stepping up targeted assistance in a bid to build influence on the continent. (…)

The past two months also saw announcements of Chinese commitments in Kenya rail and road networks, and the extension of a $652 million loan by the Export-Import Bank of China for construction of a key Nigerian road. (…)

Much of Africa’s infrastructure has been built with money from China, which accounts for about 13% of the continent’s external borrowings. The US doesn’t feature on a list of major creditors. And while the State Department says that China’s attempts to control African critical minerals poses a threat, in reality US officials realize that they’ve taken an interest in the continent far too late and will struggle to gain a foothold. (…)

China has held a regular economic and political summits with most African countries since 2000, and in 2011 supplanted the US as sub-Saharan Africa’s main trade partner — a position America held for decades. Last year, China did $213 billion of trade with the region. At just under $53 billion, the US lagged behind the United Arab Emirates and India.

If history is anything to go by, Trump is unlikely to turn the relationship around. In his first term, Trump had the least interaction with African presidents of any of the past 12 US presidents, meeting only the leaders of Kenya and Nigeria, according to a study by Judd Devermont, senior director for African Affairs under Biden. During that period, Trump referred to Namibia as “Nambia” and used an expletive to describe African nations.

More recently, US officials were conspicuously absent in Tanzania at the January launch of the World Bank-backed Mission 300 program, a drive worth as much as $85 billion to bring electricity to 300 million Africans by 2030, including through private investment. The event was meant to showcase what Rockefeller Foundation President Rajiv Shah described as “the biggest and most important global development project happening anywhere in the world” — and the world’s largest economy wasn’t there. (…)

Now even Africans hoping for a change of heart from the current US administration are looking elsewhere. South African agricultural lobby groups are urging their government to secure more access to Middle Eastern and Asian markets.

Zambia’s Samuel Maimbo, who’s running for president of the African Development Bank, says the US funding cuts are a “wake-up call” for the continent to diversify its sources of development financing. If the US pivot is permanent, Maimbo says, “we’ll take a different path.” His competitor, Mauritania’s Sidi Ould Tah, says there’s plenty of money available in Gulf Cooperation Council nations to help fund African nations’ development. (…)

For well over a decade the US has trailed China in the contest to secure critical mineral supply chains and broader trade in Africa, an arena where there’s increasing competition from other powers. Now it seems to have taken itself out of the race.

FYI:

  • Africa is currently the second most populous continent after Asia 2.

  • Africa’s population has grown rapidly, rising from 283 million in 1960 to 1.5 billion in 2024—a more than five-fold increase 3.

  • By 2050, the population is projected to reach around 2.5 billion, accounting for about 28% of the global population 3 4 7.

  • By 2070, the UN projects Africa’s population could more than double, reaching between 2.7 and 3.7 billion 4.

  • By 2100, Africa may have 3.9 billion people, nearly matching Asia’s projected 4.7 billion 2.

  • The continent has the highest youth share and the smallest elderly population globally (only 3% aged 65+) 2.

  • Life expectancy has increased from 43 years in 1960 to 66 years in 2024, projected to rise to 70 by 2050 3.

  • Africa is experiencing rapid urbanization, with cities absorbing 80% of projected population growth. By 2050, two-thirds of Africans are expected to live in urban areas.

  • Access to infrastructure, education, and stable governance are key factors in reducing poverty and improving living conditions 4.

Right hug Left hug South Africa’s mugging at the White House

From the FT Editorial Board:
There is no white genocide in South Africa, but there has certainly been a mugging in the Oval Office. When Donald Trump forced his guest, South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa, to watch excruciating footage of hate speech and fake evidence of burial grounds of white farmers, he proved that no visitor to the White House is safe from the sort of ritualised humiliation infamously meted out to Ukraine’s Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Leaders of other nations will have to think hard about whether it is worth seeking a once-coveted meeting in the Oval Office if the chances are that they are being set up for an ambush.

Trump’s parade of falsehoods was clearly directed at his Maga base. No one who knows South Africa could take seriously his portrayal of the country. It is a fact that violence is commonplace and that Afrikaner farmers are sometimes the victims. But to say this amounts to a genocide is a lie, one that wilfully ignores the fact that the South Africans who suffer disproportionately from violence are non-white.

For the neutral observer — and potential tourist or investor — South Africa’s reputation was ritually trashed in prime time. The entire optics of the event, in which Trump deferred to white golfers over a Black president and cabinet ministers, evoked nasty echoes of apartheid. (…)

Donald Trump’s slapdown diplomacy Spectacles in the Oval Office are undermining America’s influence in the world, warn foreign policy experts (FT)

America has a new spectator sport: it’s unruly, made for primetime, and the venue is the Oval Office.

In Wednesday’s bout, President Donald Trump was in the red corner, facing off against his South African counterpart Cyril Ramaphosa. The guest had come for talks about trade and investment. He found himself in the diplomatic equivalent of an arm and head choke. (…)

“Champagne corks will be popping in Russia and China,” said Christoph Heusgen, who served as national security adviser to former German chancellor Angela Merkel. “The US is going to massively lose influence in the world as a result of incidents like this.”

America’s international standing is already in decline. According to the latest Democracy Perception Index survey, conducted in April, the share of countries with a positive image of the US is now 45 per cent, down from 76 per cent last year.

The perception of Trump was also negative in 82 of the 100 countries surveyed. By contrast, Russian President Vladimir Putin was viewed negatively in 61 countries and Xi Jinping in only 44. “This spectacle in the Oval Office will only contribute to the [US’s] unpopularity,” said Wertheim. (…)

But the encounter with Ramaphosa was, for many observers, simply puzzling. The US and South Africa had much to discuss: trade and investment, the future of BRICS, the G20 summit that’s being held in Johannesburg in November.

Instead Trump became fixated on false claims of a genocide against white Afrikaner farmers. Bolton questioned whether the claims had been vetted by US experts on South Africa — who would doubtless have cast doubt on their validity — ahead of the meeting.

“If not, what does that tell the other leaders of the world that sheer propaganda, if it sinks into Trump’s brain, suddenly becomes what he talks about in public to the head of a foreign government?” he said.

Middle class? Depends who you ask in Congress

The upper bound of “middle class” in America is often pegged at an annual income of between $150,000 and $250,000, but looking at legislation being drawn up by Republicans in Congress, it seems to be much, much higher.

Some of the proposals for the forthcoming budget raise income cutoff levels to as high as $2.5 million per year.

The House is considering allowing state and local tax deductions of as much as $40,000 for people making up to $500,000, Axios’ Hans Nichols reported this week, a sign that some blue-state Republicans consider $500,000 to be a middle-class income. (…)

The current incarnation of the bill also raises the level at which the estate tax starts being levied from $15 million to $30 million. (…)

Now that home values and retirement balances regularly make their way into seven-figure territory, we’ve solidly entered a world of middle-class millionaires.

Trump’s new bill threatens major tax increases for Canadian companies

U.S. President Donald Trump‘s new tax bill is threatening to significantly hike rates for Canadian corporations and could cost investors holding U.S. securities up to $81-billion in additional taxes over seven years. (…)

The 1,100-page document includes section 899, a tax proposal created as a retaliatory measure against what the U.S calls “discriminatory or unfair taxes” of foreign countries, including Canada’s digital services tax (DST), which was introduced in 2024. (…)

Canadian corporations that receive dividends from U.S. subsidiaries are currently subject to a 5-per-cent withholding rate under the tax treaty between the U.S. and Canada, much lower than the statutory rate of 30 per cent.

But under section 899, Canadian companies would see their tax rate increase by five percentage points each year until it reaches 20 percentage points above the statutory rate, or 50 per cent. It would remain in place until the “unfair tax” is removed.

Similarly, Canadian individuals who own U.S. securities directly are subject to a 15-per-cent withholding tax rate under the current treaty, reduced from the statutory rate of 30 per cent. Under section 899, the withholding rate could ultimately rise to 50 per cent. (…)

Max Reed, a cross-border tax lawyer and principal of Polaris Tax Counsel in Vancouver, said that if the bill is enacted, section 899 would “rupture” the Canada-U.S. tax relationship the same way that Mr. Trump‘s tariffs have impaired the Canada-U.S trade relationship.

“The results would be significant,” Mr. Reed said in an online post to clients. “Virtually all cross-border planning would be turned on its head.”

The tax bill also removes long-standing tax exemptions for governments and related entities. That means organizations such as the Canadian Pension Plan Investment Board and First Nation communities could be required to pay tax.

For Canada’s multinational companies with operations in the U.S., the proposed tax changes will place them at a competitive disadvantage to domestic U.S. companies and to subsidiaries of other foreign multinationals that don’t have similar discriminatory taxes, said Ron Nobrega, a tax partner at Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP in Toronto.

“I would assume that at some point, given the fiscal impact on Canadian companies and their competitiveness in the U.S. marketplace, that Canada will have to move away from the digital services tax, will have to repeal it,” Mr. Noberga said in an interview.

Kim Moody, founder of Moody Tax Law in Calgary, agrees that the Canadian government should drop the DST. (…)

Earlier this year, Prime Minister Mark Carney said in his campaign documents that the Canadian government “will not surrender on rules that ensure large multinational companies pay a fair and consistent share of the profits they earn in a country.”

As Mr. Trump‘s legislation makes its way through Congress, debate and analysis of its potential repercussions will continue, said Karl Dennis, KPMG‘s national leader for the U.S. corporate tax team in Canada. But he does expect Canadian individuals and businesses to face higher rates of U.S. tax on their U.S. income. (…)

YOUR DAILY EDGE: 22 May 2025

Euro-Zone Private Sector Unexpectedly Shrinks on Services

The Composite Purchasing Managers’ Index by S&P Global fell to 49.5 from 50.4 in April, dipping below the 50 threshold separating expansion from contraction, data Thursday showed. Analysts had predicted a slight increase to 50.6. (…)

image

Momentum is largely coming from beyond the region’s two biggest economies, with Germany’s PMI reading also wrong-footing analysts by plunging below 50 on a similar pullback in services. France’s, meanwhile, held beneath that threshold for a ninth month.

More from S&P Global:

While the overall fall in output in May followed a period of growth, new orders have now decreased on a monthly basis throughout the past year. The latest decline in new business was modest, but the most pronounced since December 2024.

As was the case with activity, the overall reduction reflected service sector weakness, with new business down for the fourth month running. Manufacturing new orders stabilised, ending a three-year period of decline.

Alongside the fall in total new orders, new business from abroad (which includes intra-Eurozone trade) was also down modestly, with the pace of contraction little changed from that seen in April.

Manufacturing input costs decreased for the second consecutive month, and to the largest extent since March 2024. On the other hand, services input prices were up sharply again, with the pace of inflation slightly stronger than in April. Overall, input costs increased at a broadly similar pace to that seen in the previous month, with inflation just below the series average.

The pace of output price inflation, meanwhile, eased to a seven-month low in May. As was the case with input costs, a rise in services charges contrasted with a fall in manufacturing selling prices, the first in three months. Output prices decreased in France, but continued to rise in Germany and the rest of the Eurozone.

Japan’s private sector slips back into contraction in May

Japan’s private sector fell back into contraction territory for the second time in the past three months in May, according to the latest au Jibun Bank Flash PMI data. While only slight, the reduction in overall output reflected a steeper fall in manufacturing output alongside a weaker expansion of service sector activity.

Demand conditions also looked more fragile, with new business measured across both manufacturing and service sectors falling for the first time in nearly a year, and foreign demand declining for the second straight month.

At the same time, cost pressures, a source of concern for many firms, remained elevated in May. However, there were some tentative signs that input price inflation is cooling, with the latest data showing the slowest rise in operating expenses in over a year. This translated into a softer uptick in selling prices.

Business confidence across Japan’s private sector was meanwhile the second-lowest recorded since the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, with uncertainty around the future trade environment and foreign demand clouding the outlook and dampening output projections for the year ahead.”

image

OPEC+ Discusses Another Super-Sized Output Hike for July

An output hike of 411,000 barrels a day for July — triple the amount initially planned — is among options under discussion, although no final agreement has yet been reached, said the delegates, asking not to be named because the information is private. A final decision is due to be taken at a gathering on June 1.

The cartel has helped sink crude prices since announcing 411,000-barrel hikes for May and June — equivalent to about 1% of current OPEC+ output — in a historic break with years of defending oil markets. Oil made a fresh plunge on Thursday, dropping 0.9% to $64.31 a barrel as of 9:13 a.m. in London. (…)

While OPEC+ says the supply increases are to satisfy demand, officials have privately proffered a range of motives, from punishing over-producing members to recouping market share and placating President Donald Trump.

Group leader Saudi Arabia warned errant members such as Kazakhstan and Iraq at their last meeting that it could deliver further production increases unless they fall in line with their quotas. Despite some promises of atonement, the Kazakhs have made little effort to rein in international oil companies operating in the country and continue to export near record levels. (…)

Actually, Trump would be happy if oil prices decline further. Putin not so much.

The Fortress That China Built for Its Battle with America Beijing is racing ahead in advanced technology, including in robots, satellites and AI—and in some cases is catching up with the U.S.

The storm clouds for China were gathering when leader Xi Jinping convened the country’s top scientists at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing in May 2018. The U.S. was beginning to clamp down on selling technology to China, with more restrictions on the way.

China must not be forced to beg others for technology, Xi said. Only through self-reliance “can we fundamentally safeguard national economic security,” he said.

Since then, China has raced ahead in many strategic sectors—and in some cases is catching up with the U.S. Its electric-car companies are among the world’s best. Chinese AI startups rival OpenAI and Google. The country’s biologists are pushing the boundaries of pharmaceutical research, and its factories are being filled with advanced robotics.

At sea, Chinese-made cargo vessels dominate global shipping. In space, the country has been launching hundreds of satellites to monitor every corner of the Earth. Beyond frontier technology, Beijing is pursuing greater self-reliance in food and energy, and has bulked up its military. (…)

The advances are making China less dependent on the rest of the world for goods and services. Imports overall fell to less than 18% of gross domestic product in 2023 compared with about 22% a decade earlier. (…)

In 2015, a policy dubbed “Made in China 2025” identified 10 sectors as national priorities, including robotics, aerospace and new-energy vehicles.

Xi took on a more nationalistic tone after Trump launched a trade war against China in 2018. Calls for “self-reliance” became more prominent, especially after the pandemic struck, leading China to largely close its borders. Chinese officials gained confidence that their economy could survive reduced contact with the outside world when it grew 2.2% in 2020, the only major economy to expand that year.

China’s resolve strengthened in the Biden years, as Washington sought to work with European allies to choke off China’s access to advanced technologies such as semiconductors. “Western countries, led by the U.S., have implemented all-around containment, encirclement and suppression against us,” Xi said in 2023. He warned China to prepare for “extreme scenarios,” a thinly-veiled reference to the risk of conflict with the U.S.

Much of China’s success stems from its ability to direct enormous sums of money to prized sectors.

Last year, China invested $500 billion on research and development, triple from when Xi took office in 2012. China spends nearly as much on R&D as the U.S., adjusting for purchasing power parity, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

image

Investment in AI is a major focus. One study last year found that Chinese government venture-capital funds invested nearly $200 billion across 9,600 AI firms between 2000 and 2023.

Local government investment arms have helped the push, backing companies such as Zhipu AI—one of the Chinese AI firms rivaling U.S. companies. The AI startups are also taking in capital from private venture funds and Chinese companies such as Alibaba and Tencent.

China’s technology push is boosting its manufacturing prowess. Chinese companies have been buying as many industrial robots as the rest of the world combined, enabling some factory owners to experiment with highly automated plants that can operate in the dark. For much of the past decade, three-quarters of the robots installed in China came from foreign manufacturers, such as in Japan or Germany. By 2023, Chinese robot makers captured nearly half of the local market, according to the International Federation of Robotics. (…)

[Shenzhen-based] UBTech says that 90% of its more than 3,000 suppliers in recent years were based in China—a sign of how much China can rely on its own growing ecosystem of suppliers. The company is also incorporating technology from Chinese artificial-intelligence pioneer DeepSeek to help the robots make better decisions.

The self-sufficiency drive extends to highly sensitive areas such as nuclear power. At the Sanmen nuclear power plant, 150 miles south of Shanghai, the first two reactors put under construction in 2009 came from Pennsylvania-based Westinghouse, with key components shipped from the U.S. and American engineers on-site to help get the project online.

The next two reactors were also based on Westinghouse’s technology. Now, a new pair will be totally Chinese. Known as Hualong One, China’s homegrown reactor model allows Beijing to better control costs and construction timelines, while eliminating the danger that the U.S. could one day refuse to sell China more reactors.

Efficient government coordination, readily available financing from state banks and a highly-developed nuclear supply chain means China has already managed to build some Hualong One reactors in about five or six years. The latest Westinghouse reactors in the U.S. took more than a decade to complete, at far higher costs.

In many emerging sectors, China seeks to go beyond government subsidies and other financial support, pushing companies to compete with each other to boost efficiency and innovation.

Two of China’s leading battery makers, Contemporary Amperex Technology and BYD, have disclosed several billion dollars in subsidies between them over the past three years. At the same time, they say they have spent more than $20 billion combined on R&D. (…)

Last year, when a group of U.S. think tanks ranked the world’s best such commercial satellite systems, Chinese firms won five out of 11 gold medals. The U.S. had four. (…)

In its push for self-sufficiency, China now has roughly two-thirds of global corn reserves, despite only having about 17% of the world’s population, and has built massive stockpiles of oil and metals. It is slowly expanding the use of its yuan currency in foreign trade and developing alternatives to Western financial payment systems. The Defense Department estimates that China has tripled its nuclear warhead stockpile to more than 600 in recent years. (…)

Last year, Chinese shipyards delivered 53% of global tonnage, according to shipping-information provider Clarksons Research, compared with 8% in 2002. Those gains reflected decades of state support, including cut-rate prices for land to build shipyards, favorable loans and subsidized steel. The U.S. made up just 0.1% of global commercial tonnage last year.

China’s shipbuilding prowess has helped it to build the world’s largest navy, with more than 370 ships and submarines today. (…)

In 2023, Huawei grabbed U.S. attention when it released a high-end smartphone powered by an advanced processor that industry analysts say was locally produced in China. More recently, it has been gearing up to test a new chip it hopes will be more powerful than Nvidia’s H100 chip, released in 2022.

As China’s chips improve, Morgan Stanley projects the country’s self-sufficiency rate in graphics processing units—essential in creating AI systems—will jump to 82% by 2027 from 11% in 2021. (…)

The inefficient allocation of money has contributed to slowing productivity growth. Absent reforms, China may be able to sustain GDP growth of just 2.8% on average from 2031-2040, according to economists at the International Monetary Fund, compared with an average of around 6% over the past decade. (…)

97% of the article is about smart planning and focused execution, only to conclude that “inefficient allocation of money” could cut growth in half to about 3% per year.

Yet, China spends nearly as much as the US on R&D with a 40% smaller economy on a PPP basis.

US R&D investments totaled $1.1 trillion (21%) more than China’s since 2015. Why did the USA fall behind in so many critical areas? Perhaps less planning, poor execution and less efficient allocation of money.

Meanwhile, China’s debt to GDP, nearly at par with the US 20 years ago is now lower and below the 2010 level:

Annual US corporate pretax profits rose by $1.9T since 2015 thanks to profit margins exploding from 13.9% to 22.3%. Corporate federal taxes rose only $160B.

image

Since 2015, US corporations distributed an increasing share of profits in dividends. This Ed Yardeni chart shows flat undistributed profits post GFC …

image

… but actual retained profits to reinvest were even lower after buybacks which almost doubled in the last 10 years, leaving fewer $ to reinvest while boosting consumption … and the trade deficit.

image

Other Yardeni data reveal that US manufacturers’ profits were flat between 2015 and 2019 but exploded 50% post pandemic. Dividends paid by US manufacturers steadily rose from $250B annualized in 2015 to $350B in 2019 and to nearly $450B in 2024.

 

BYD sells more electric vehicles in Europe than Tesla for first time Chinese car group has been pushing to expand into overseas markets for past few years

(…) “This is a watershed moment for Europe’s car market, particularly when you consider that Tesla has led the European battery electric vehicle market for years, while BYD only officially began operations beyond Norway and the Netherlands in late 2022,” said Felipe Munoz, global analyst at Jato Dynamics. (…)

BYD and other Chinese groups have expanded their product line-up in Europe, increasing the sales of plug-in hybrids, which are not hit by the EU’s higher tariffs. 

Registration of EVs made by Chinese carmakers rose by 59 per cent year-on-year in Europe in April to 15,300 vehicles, while plug-in hybrids increased nearly eight-fold to 9,649 units, according to Jato.