Edge and Odds

The enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it’s the illusion of knowledge (Stephen Hawking)

It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so (Mark Twain)

Edge and Odds

Invest with smart knowledge and objective odds

NEW$ & VIEW$ (12 AUGUST 2014)

The reasons why oil prices stay cool. Earnings estimates about to get a boost?

SMALL BUSINESS OPTIMISM TICKS UP SLIGHTLY

July’s Optimism Index technically rose 0.7 points to a reading of 95.7. There was little change in the 10 Index components other than outlook for expansion and business conditions which accounted for the small gain in the Index. Even though these improved, they still remain historically low.

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The net percent of all owners (seasonally adjusted) reporting higher nominal sales in the past 3 months compared to the prior 3 months fell 1 point to a net negative 3 percent, still one of the very best readings since 2007. Thirteen percent cited weak sales as their top business problem, one of the lowest readings since December, 2007, the peak of the expansion.

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Higher Housing Costs Aren’t Likely to Fade Soon, Cleveland Fed Study Says

Is a recent uptick in housing inflation a fluke? Not really, say researchers at the Cleveland Fed. (…)

German Gloom Hits Euro

The euro slid Tuesday after a slump in German economic sentiment further fueled worries that the economic standoff with Russia over the conflict in Ukraine is hurting Europe’s economy.

Germany’s ZEW index of economic expectations fell to 8.6 in August from 27.1 in July, its lowest level since December 2012. The survey of analysts and investors is the latest sign that geopolitical tensions are hurting sentiment in Germany, ahead of data Thursday that are expected to show a contraction in Europe’s largest economy.

If you missed this this chart from The Short Side Of Long, here it is again:

Henkel Warns Political Tension Spoils Trading Outlook Germany’s Henkel has warned that trading conditions are looking tough amid rising political tensions in Ukraine and the Middle East as the maker of Persil detergent and Schwarzkopf shampoo reported a 5.5% rise in second-quarter net profit.

Henkel’s sober outlook comes as other European consumer-goods groups have recently highlighted the challenge of more sluggish-than-expected growth in emerging markets. Depreciating local currencies have also helped crimped returns for European and U.S. companies in some major economies while the crises in Ukraine and Middle East have rubbed off on demand for household products in those regions.

IEA Lowers 2014 Oil Demand Growth Forecast World oil demand will rise less than previously thought in 2014, due to a lower outlook for the global economy and demand growth in the second quarter falling to its lowest level in more than two years, the IEA energy watchdog said.

World oil demand will rise less than previously thought in 2014, due to a lower outlook for the global economy and demand growth in the second quarter falling to its lowest level in more than two years, the West’s energy watchdog said Tuesday.

In its monthly oil-market report, the International Energy Agency—which advises industrialized nations on oil policies—trimmed its projection for growth in global demand this year to 1 million barrels a day, down 180,000 barrels a day, citing weaker-than-expected demand in the second quarter.

“Remarkably low oil deliveries in both Europe and North America helped slash this report’s estimate of global demand growth for the second quarter of 2014 to less than 700,000 barrels a day year-over-year — a low of more than two years,” it said.

This second quarter drop, weak refining activity in the industrialized nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in June and an “apparent sudden stop in Chinese crude imports” to build their stock inventory countered the threat to the market and supplies posed by mounting geopolitical risks in the oil-producing world, the agency said.

“Despite armed conflict in Libya, Iraq and Ukraine, the oil market today looks better supplied than expected, with an oil glut even reported in the Atlantic basin,” the report said.

Output from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries rose by 300,000 barrels a day in July to a five-month high of 30.44 million a day a day, as Saudi Arabia raised production and supplies recovered in Libya, the report said.

Production in the kingdom, the world’s largest exporter and OPEC’s de facto leader, rose by 230,000 barrels a day in July to 10.01 million barrels, the highest level since September, while Libya almost doubled its production to 430,000 barrels a day, the IEA said. That offset declines in Iraq, Iran and Nigeria.

The Atlantic market is currently well supplied so that incremental Libyan barrels are having a hard time finding buyers, the IEA said. “Many in the market seem more focused today on potential short-term downward price pressures from a further increase in Libyan production,” it said. (…)

Outlook for demand for crude from OPEC’s 12 members, or “call on OPEC,” in the second half of this year will reach 30.8 million barrels a day, higher than last month’s estimate.

The agency estimates that the call on OPEC will average 29.9 million barrels a day, down from 30 million barrels a day this year.

Demand, however, is expected to accelerate by 1.3 million barrels a day in 2015 as the global economic conditions improve, the Paris-based IEA said. That is 90,000 barrels a day lower than its previous forecast due to weaker economic growth in China and Russia and raised expectations for non-oil power sector use in Japan.

A Happy Earnings Season

See anything bizarre on this chart?

Thumbs up This a.m.: First Call earnings revisions up are above 50%, highest since 2012.

Bank Profits Near Record Levels U.S. banks in the second quarter reported the industry’s second-highest profit in 23 years, despite stiff headwinds, thanks largely to improved credit quality.

U.S. banks posted $40.24 billion in net income during the second quarter, the industry’s second-highest profit total in at least 23 years, according to data from research firm SNL Financial. The latest profits are just below the record $40.36 billion recorded in the first quarter of 2013.

(…) overall loan growth increased at its fastest quarterly pace since the financial crisis, topping $8 trillion in total loans outstanding for the first time since SNL began tracking the data in 1991. Commercial lending rose at an annualized 12.6% rate in the second quarter. Growth in consumer lending, particularly student lending, auto loans and credit cards, also has picked up, to about 6% from 3% a year ago. (…)

So-called provision expenses fell to $6.59 billion in the second quarter from $7.61 billion in the first quarter and $8.53 billion in the second quarter of 2013.

Big banks are still releasing some of those reserves, an action that pumps up profits. The four largest U.S. banks—J.P. Morgan Chase, Citigroup, Bank of America Corp.BAC +0.13% and Wells Fargo—released a total of $2.25 billion of reserves in the second quarter, up about 20% from the first quarter.

One important measure of bank profitability is return on equity, or the amount of profit a bank generates as a percentage of shareholders’ equity. RBC Capital Markets analyst Gerard Cassidy notes that the 20 largest banks he covers reported a median return on equity of 9.3% in the second quarter, up from 8.4% in the first quarter. But a return on equity below 10% “is one of the biggest obstacles to higher stock valuations,” he said.

So far, the results haven’t impressed investors, who remain concerned about a range of headwinds facing the industry, from growing regulatory costs and stubbornly low interest rates to steep slowdowns in mortgage lending and securities-trading revenue. Such issues have weighed on other measures of bank health, such as the returns lenders generate on their equity. (…)

Regional banks reported the strongest growth in commercial and industrial lending during the second quarter. Cleveland-based KeyCorp, for example, posted a 13.4% increase in commercial, financial and agricultural loans from the year-earlier period, to $26.4 billion, helping to drive a 5.5% gain in loans overall.

Citigroup Inc. C -0.12% delivered a 3.7% gain vs. the year before in total loans outstanding. Wells Fargo & Co. and J.P. Morgan Chase JPM -0.04% & Co. logged gains of 3.6% and 2.9%, respectively.

 KRB KRE

Welcome to the World of ‘Pension Smoothing’ A government accounting maneuver to pay for road repairs, subways and buses will allow many U.S. businesses to delay billions of dollars in pension contributions for retirees.

President Barack Obama on Friday signed a $10.8 billion transportation bill that extends a “pension-smoothing” provision for another 10 months. In short: companies can delay making mandatory pension contributions, but because those payments are tax-deductible some businesses will pay slightly higher tax bills, which will help pay for the legislation.

Companies with 100 of the country’s largest pensions were expected to contribute $44 billion to their plans this year, but that could be slashed by 30% next year, estimated John Ehrhardt, an actuary at consulting firm Milliman. (…)

The bill essentially allows companies to base their pension liability calculations on the average interest rate over the past 25 years, instead of the past two. The 25-year average is larger, because interest rates were much higher before the financial crisis.

The accounting technique doesn’t actually reduce companies’ obligations to retirees. Instead, it artificially lowers the present-day value of future liabilities by boosting the interest rate companies use to make that calculation. (…)

The Third Iraq War (WSJ)

(…) Bombing is an act of war, and Mr. Obama has already sent 800 troops or military advisers to Iraq. Weare at war again in Iraq, for the third time in 25 years. And the main question now is whether the Commander in Chief will fight it vigorously enough to defeat the jihadists who have become the main threat to the region and America. (…)

The U.S. weekend bombing raids seemed to stop the ISIS advance against the Kurds, but the Pentagon and White House badly misjudged its strength. (…)

ISIS recaptured a northern Iraq town from the Kurds on Monday and it could be regrouping for a run at the oil city of Kirkuk or Erbil, the Kurdish capital. This is not one of those al Qaeda offshoots that Mr. Obama so casually dismissed in January as “a JV team” wearing “Lakers uniforms.” This is jihadist army.

The main U.S. strategic priority now should be rolling back and defeating ISIS so it can’t establish a terrorist caliphate. Such a state will become a mecca for jihadists who will train and then disperse to kill around the world. They will attempt to strike Americans in ways that grab world attention, including the U.S. homeland. A strategy merely to contain ISIS does not reduce this threat.

A strategy to roll back ISIS would also make it easier to solve Iraq’s political disputes. Sunni sheikhs in western Iraq won’t cooperate with even an accommodating new Shiite prime minister if they know Baghdad can’t protect them. Ditto for the Kurds. (…)

War-weary America has to show its steel in Iraq (FT)

NEW$ & VIEW$ (11 AUGUST 2014)

Earnings season recap. More debate on economic slack.

U.S. Productivity Rises at 2.5% Pace in Second Quarter

Nonfarm labor productivity, or output per hour worked, advanced at a 2.5% seasonally adjusted annual rate from April through June, the Labor Department said Friday. The gain failed to offset the 4.5% decline in the first three months of the year, the largest quarterly drop since 1981.

From a year earlier, productivity advanced 1.2%. That is only slightly ahead of the 1% average rate recorded in 2012 and 2013, and well off the better than 3% gains in the first year of the recovery. The pace of productivity gains the past two years have coincided with annual economic growth of a little better than 2%. Meanwhile, unit labor costs, a gauge of inflationary pressures, rose at a 0.6% annual rate in the second quarter following a 11.8% leap in the first quarter. From a year earlier, unit labor costs are up 1.9%, essentially in line with other inflation measures.

One bright spot in Friday’s report came in manufacturing. Productivity in the sector rose at a 3.6% pace during the second quarter and is up 2.1% from a year earlier. Both gains easily outpace the broader business sector. Meanwhile, unit labor costs in manufacturing have largely been contained, up 0.8% from a year earlier.

Comp. data have been quirky and noisy lately. Taking a 4Q moving average, one finds that comp. per hour was up 2.1% Y/Y in Q2.

Decline in ‘Slack’ Helps Fed Gauge Recovery

All are signs of an economy still healing from a deep downturn that created lots of economic slack: the gap between the resources we have and those we are using.

By many measures, such slack has narrowed considerably, but not completely, even five years after the recovery began. Conditions aren’t quite back to what was normal before the 2008 financial crisis.

Job Market Tilts Toward Workers as U.S. Enters Virtuous Cycle The balance of power in the job market is shifting slowly toward employees from employers.

(…) Americans who have been hunting for employment for more than six months are finding they’re having better luck landing a job, while people who had given up looking are returning to the labor force to resume their search.

Companies, meanwhile, are beefing up their in-house recruiting teams and increasingly using complicated computer algorithms to scour the Web for prospective job candidates. (…)

Employers in general have been “pretty stubborn” about increasing wages, said Jeffrey Joerres, executive chairman of ManpowerGroup (MAN), a Milwaukee-based staffing company with $20.3 billion in revenue last year. That may be about to change as the pool of available candidates shrinks.

“You can see a little anxiety among employers,” he said. “I can feel the inflection point is coming.”

Michael Durney, chief executive officer of Dice Holdings Inc. (DHX), agrees.

“I think you’re going to start to see wage inflation,” said Durney, whose company provides specialized websites that match employers with potential employees in industries such as technology and financial services. (…)

Businesses also are more inclined to hold onto staff. Conversions — giving full-time jobs to the temporary employees Manpower provides — are at a three-year high, according to Joerres. (…)

Express Employment had almost 90,000 job orders from employers in June, up from 62,000 a year earlier, Funk said.

More noise for Mrs. Yellen…

The WallStreetExaminer blog supports the doves as it deciphers the non-seasonally adjusted numbers to check on wage pressures:

Employment Cost Increases By SectorThe year over year gain in actual employment costs for all civilian workers was, are you ready for this–2%! That, indeed, is the highest it has been since 2011, when it spent the 2nd through 4th quarters rising at rates of 2-2.25%. Last year it never got above 1.9%. It’s a breakout! Or maybe not quite. This number is still within the same range of growth rates that it has been since the second quarter of 2010.

The gain, such as it was, was driven by gains of more than 2% in 6 major employment sectors. On the other hand, 4 broad sectors rose by less than 2%, and they can’t seem to get out of their own way. 3 of them have been wallowing below 2% since early 2011 and all 4 have been since early 2012.  Here’s a breakdown of the actual, not seasonally adjusted annual rate of gain by major sector.

Here’s how it looks on a graph.

Employment Costs By Sector- Click to enlarge

Before you get all outraged about government workers leading the increases, note that they got screwed in 2011 and 2012, falling below private sector workers for more than a year. The current surge looks like catch-up for that time when they were not getting raises. At about 16% of the workforce the government sector may be big enough that had it not been for this apparently compensatory increase, the total aggregate number for all employees may not have made it to a new 2 year high.

Another notable factor is that the 5 sectors that rose less than 1.75% comprise more than half of all US workers. The majority of US workers are experiencing compensation increases that do not even keep up with CPI, which we know, in addition, to be understated. (…)

Among the stronger sectors, Construction AND Extraction showed a gain of 2.1%. The problem there is that all of the gain is due to Extraction. Extraction means mining, and oil and gas production. Extraction is booming, while construction–not so much. In June, the BLS reported a year to year to year increase of 4.64% in average weekly earnings for mining and oil and gas extraction workers. But construction workers got virtually nothing, showing a gain of 0.24%. According to BLS data, there are approximately 850,000 employees in mining and oil and gas extraction. There are more than 6 million construction employees. How the BLS averaged those two together to come up with a 2.1% overall increase is beyond my ability to comprehend. I am the simple one.

So when you break these numbers down, recognizing the catching up of government workers which is probably temporary, and the likely overweighting of gains in mining and oil and gas extraction, that leaves just 4 sectors barely above a 2% increase.

One is Transport workers. They account for less than 3% of the US workforce. Their year to year increase is still below the peak levels of the past two years. The current uptick does not yet indicate that they’ve turned the corner.

Likewise those in another sector gaining more than 2%, Sales, saw an increase that remains well below the peaks of the past 2 years. Finally, managers and professionals and office and administrative workers have been flatlining at a 2% rate of increase for 2 years. There’s no breakout there either.

Looking at the 4 weaker sectors comprising the majority of US workers, the idea of a turn there is ludicrous.

Overall, private sector workers and those in education are not keeping pace with inflation, and the recent gains for non-education government workers could prove transitory. Considering the trends of the actual data in all of these major sectors, there’s no breakout here. The corner has not been turned. (…)

Good analysis. However, don’t forget that wages are a very lagging indicator. I side with David Rosenberg’s analysis which finds that

50 million American workers are in industries that are already at full employment. That is 35% of the workforce. A year ago, that number was zero. And 35% of the private workforce is also now in the process of enjoying accelerating wage growth. What is holding back the aggregate data are two sectors facing relentless downward pressure -construction and financial services.

But we have reached a critical mass where a rising share of the labour force is beginning up against a supply wall -wage growth for a significant and rising minority, enough to spin the dial on national income and spending is on the mend.

OECD Indicators Point to Slowdown in Germany

(…) But the outlook for Germany appears to be weakening, with the country’s leading indicator falling again during June in what the OECD said was a sign of “growth losing momentum.” After a strong first quarter, many economists estimate that the German economy contracted in the second quarter, in part because of an unusually large number of days being lost to vacation. (…)

The OECD said its leading indicators for France and Italy continue to point to stronger growth, as they have done for a number of months. However, those pickups have yet to materialize, leaving Spain as the only major euro-zone economy to enjoy a significant acceleration over recent quarters. (…)

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Sarcastic smile Where’s Italy’s recession on these charts?

Italy’s Problem Is Europe’s Problem

(…) Italy’s paralysis is all the more striking given the strengthening recovery in countries that have undertaken reforms. Spain is now the fastest growing economy in the euro zone, expanding by 0.6% in the second quarter. Citigroup expects the Greek economy to grow this year by 1.1%; Unemployment in Portugal has been falling for almost two years to 13.9% from a peak of 17.5%; Cyprus should return to growth in 2015, far sooner than predicted at the time of its financial collapse last year. (…)

That is why Italy’s stalled economy is a challenge for the European Central Bank too. For the past year, the ECB has come under growing pressure to embark on large-scale purchases of government bonds to address the euro zone’s low inflation rate. (…)

Germany adds to eurozone worries

Official data, due to be published on Thursday, are expected to show that growth in the eurozone stagnated in the second quarter. Economists polled by Reuters forecast growth of just 0.1 per cent between April and June, compared with 0.2 per cent in the first three months of the year.

German Economy Backbone Bending From Lost Russia Sales

Sad smile Leading to this chart from The Short Side Of Long:

China Loosens Monetary Conditions in Test of Credit Power

China loosened monetary conditions last quarter at the fastest pace in almost two years, a Bloomberg LP gauge showed, testing the waning effectiveness of credit in supporting economic growth.

Bloomberg’s new China Monetary Conditions Index — a weighted average of loan growth, real interest rates and China’s real effective exchange rate — rose 6.71 points to 82.81 in the second quarter from the previous three months. That’s the biggest jump since the July-September period of 2012, with May and June’s numbers the first back-to-back readings above 80 since January 2012.

New yuan loans in July will be a record high for that month, according to a Bloomberg News survey of analysts before data due by Aug. 15, suggesting officials are keeping the credit spigot open even as debt risks mount. While consumer inflation below the government’s goal allows room for more easing, economic data will determine how far policy makers go. (…)

China Inflation Tame in July

The consumer-price index rose 2.3% on year, in line with economists’ forecasts and unchanged from the previous month, according to data released by the National Bureau of Statistic. Prices rose 0.1% from a month earlier.

The CPI rose 0.1% M/M in July.

Meanwhile, the producer-price index, which tracks the prices paid to companies at the factory gate, has been stuck in deflation for more than two years, thanks to a combination of falling prices for raw materials and excess capacity in many Chinese industries.

The index logged a 29th straight month of declines in July, falling 0.9% year-over-year. But that is still mild compared to drops of 2% or more seen earlier this year. 

CANADA: Surprisingly negative jobs report supports low-rate stance

Statistics Canada’s monthly tally of hiring and firing produced a net gain of 200 positions last month, as a 60,000 increase in part-time jobs marginally outweighed a 59,700 plunge in full-time positions.

Canada’s unemployment rate dropped to 7 per cent from 7.1 per cent, but only because more than 35,000 people gave up looking for work, according to StatsCan’s report, released Friday in Ottawa. (…)

StatsCan estimates there were 17,820,900 people working in July, only 0.7 per cent more than a year ago. The labour participation rate, which measures the percentage of the population either working or seeking work, dropped to 65.9 per cent, the lowest since October 2001. Employment in goods-producing industries has shrunk by 56,000 positions this year, reducing the headcount to its lowest since January 2012, according National Bank Financial.

Speaking of National Bank Financial, their group of fine economists again provide the more insightful stuff:

Full-time employment has been particularly weak in Canada with a cumulative loss of 4,000 jobs so far in 2014. As today’s Hot Charts show, an unprecedented divergence has recently emerged between our country and the U.S. when it comes to full-time job creation: whereas the U.S. is growing at a robust 2% clip on a
year/year basis, Canada is actually contracting. What’s behind the weakness? The goods-producing industries has seen the destruction of 92,000 jobs over the past year with more than half of those losses coming from construction – the sector that spearheaded the rebound in job creation after the last recession.

As shown, a 3.7% annual drawdown in construction headcounts is extremely rare outside recessions. Is this development a harbinger of a much bigger slowdown in Canadian economic activity? We do not think so. For one, available data still point to a marked acceleration in real GDP in the coming months. For another, we doubt that the recent pace of layoffs in the construction industry can be maintained at a time when the value of new building permits is surging (we hit a record high in June). Should the upcoming report on new home starts show a level of around 180,000-to-200,000 units in July, a rebound in construction jobs could be in
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EARNINGS WATCH

Factset:

Overall, 446 companies in the S&P 500 have reported earnings to date for the second quarter with 73% reporting actual EPS above the mean EPS estimate. This percentage is slightly above the trailing 1-year average (72%). In aggregate, companies are reporting earnings that are 4.2% above expectations, which is also above the trailing 1-year (+3.2%) average. As a result of these upside earnings surprises, the earnings growth rate for the S&P 500 has improved to 8.4% today from 4.9% on June 30 and from 6.8% on March 31.

In terms of revenues, 64% of companies have reported actual sales above estimated sales and 36% have reported actual sales below estimated sales. The percentage of companies reporting sales above estimates is well above both the 1-year (55%) average and the 4-year average (57%).

The blended revenue growth rate for Q2 2014 is 4.3%, which is above the estimated growth rate of 2.8% at the end of the quarter (June 30).

In aggregate, companies are reporting sales that are 1.7% above expectations. This surprise percentage is well above the 1-year (+0.6%) average and the 4-year (+0.6%) average.

All ten sectors are reporting higher earnings relative to a year ago. Five of the ten sectors are reporting double-digit earnings growth, led by the Telecom Services and Health Care sectors. On the other hand, the Financials sector is reporting the lowest earnings growth of all ten sectors.

At this point in time, 80 companies in the index have issued EPS guidance for the third quarter. Of these 80 companies, 56 have issued negative EPS guidance and 24 have issued positive EPS guidance. Thus, the percentage of companies issuing negative EPS guidance to date for the third quarter is 70% (56 out of 80). This percentage is above than the 5-year average of 64%.

But well below the 6-quarter average of 79%.

Analysts expect earnings growth for the S&P 500 for the second half of 2014 to be in the same range as the 8.4% growth currently being reported for Q2 2014. For Q3 2014 and Q4 2014, analysts are predicting earnings growth rates of 7.1% and 9.9%.

Note that the estimated growth rate from Q3 was cut from 9.0% on June 30 to 7.1%, in spite of these facts:

  • Q2 actual EPS growth of +8.4% is 4.2% above expectations and shared across all sectors with 5 of the 10 sectors recording double digit growth in Q2.
  • Q2 actual revenue growth of +4.3% is 1.7% above expectations.
  • Margins keep growing. Q2 margins at 10.2% leapt above the previous 5Q highs.

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S&P’s database of 452 company reports shows a 66% beat rate and a 21% miss rate, the former being in line with recent years while the latter is much lower than the 24.7% average of the past 8 quarters. Interestingly, only 3 of the 10 sectors meaningfully better the average beat. Excluding Health Care (82%), IT (73%) and Materials (70%), the beat rate drops to 61%.

Q2 EPS are expected to come in at $29.56, up from the suspicious $29.18 last week and +12.1% Y/Y. Revenues are up 5.8% Y/Y, a marked acceleration from Q1’s +3.4% and Q4’13’s +0.5%.

S&P also says that margins rose nicely form 9.5% in Q2’13 to 10.1% this year, another record.

Trailing 12-month EPS should total $112.05 after Q2, up a significant 12.9% Y/Y. Q3 and Q4 estimates receded a little to $30.21 (+12.2% Y/Y) and $32.38 (+14.6%) respectively.

In all, this will end up as a pretty good earnings season. The bears have little meat to feed on as revenues have accelerated, margins keep rising and guidance is not deteriorating. At 1932, the S&P 500 Index is selling at 17.2x trailing EPS, a clear premium on the average (and median) of 13.7x since 1927, 1953 and 1983. Only if you are using data since 1993 (18.5) can you affirm that equities are cheap. At your own risk however!

The more dependable Rule of 20 P/E is at 19.2, a mere 4% below the “20” fair value (2020 on the S&P 500 Index).

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The latest Investors Intelligence survey revealed that bulls fell sharply to 50.5% from 55.6% a week ago. It noted that the latest reading is almost out of the caution territory and represents a decline over 12 points from the multi-year high of 62.6% in mid-June. It added that the spread between the bulls and bears contracted to 33.4% from 39.4% in the last survey and nearly low enough to shift to a neutral.

I will come back to that shortly. 

A 1.4-acre property in Lake Tahoe sold on Thursday for $1.6 million in bitcoins, joining a handful of other real-estate transactions that used the virtual currency.