The enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it’s the illusion of knowledge (Stephen Hawking)

It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so (Mark Twain)

Invest with smart knowledge and objective odds

THE DAILY EDGE: 15 NOVEMBER 2022

Fed’s Brainard Says Rate-Rise Pace Can Slow Soon Fed Vice Chair Lael Brainard said previous rate increases, together with anticipated ones, will slow the economy in ways that can’t be observed yet.

Fed Vice Chair Lael Brainard signaled the central bank is likely to increase rates by 0.5 percentage point at its Dec. 13-14 gathering, following four consecutive increases of 0.75 percentage point.

“It probably will be appropriate soon to move to a slower pace of increases,” Ms. Brainard said during a moderated discussion hosted by Bloomberg News on Monday. (…)

“We have additional work to do,” she said. “By moving forward at a pace that’s more deliberate, we’ll be able to assess more data and be better able to adjust the path of rates to bring inflation down.” (…)

Data released last week showing a slowdown in overall inflation was reassuring, she said, in part because it suggested a long-anticipated decline in the prices of durable goods such as cars and furniture was finally materializing. (…)

Ms. Brainard said she saw evidence that wage growth was moderating, which would play an important role in slowing the rate of inflation for the economy’s service sector.

A rapid rise in housing costs over the past two years is also contributing to elevated inflation readings. Despite some evidence that rents and other housing costs have come off the boil, Ms. Brainard said she expected elevated rental costs to keep inflation readings elevated well into 2023 because of how statistical agencies measure inflation for housing costs.

BlackRock:

Goods inflation is easing as it needed to, but the labor constraints driving wage growth and core inflation persist. So the Fed is still on a path to create a recession via policy overtightening. Stocks aren’t pricing that in, so we stay underweight. (…)

We expect declining goods inflation to continue. But high core inflation also reflects constraints on labor supply that are driving up wages, seen in services inflation. We don’t expect this to improve much because many workers retired during the pandemic. We also see the U.S. labor pool shrinking as people over 65 account for a larger share of the population in coming decades.

The Fed can only try to push wage and overall core inflation quickly down to its 2% target by crushing demand with a deep recession, in our view. We expect the Fed to pause its sharp hikes only after having caused a recession and when confronted with the economic pain. We don’t think a soft landing is in the cards. (…)

Amazon Set to Lay Off Thousands of Corporate Workers The layoffs, which could total 10,000 employees, follow job cuts by other tech companies

(…) While leasing from all businesses declined during the pandemic, the tech sector accounted for the largest portion of the leasing that took place, according to real estate services firm CBRE Group Inc. Some tech companies, such as Alphabet Inc.’s Google, continued to expand their office footprints during that period. (…)

Companies in the technology sector have placed about 30 million square feet of office space on the sublease market, more than triple the 9.5 million square feet they looked to sublet in the fourth quarter of 2019, according to CBRE. (…) Overall, tech firms have about 500 million square feet of office space in 30 North American markets, according to CBRE. (…)

The national office vacancy rate is 12.5%, up from 9.6% in 2019 and the highest since 2011, according to data firm CoStar Group Inc. Overall, about 212 million square feet of sublease space is on the market, a record since CoStar started tracking the statistic in 2005. (…)

Office buildings are backed by $1.2 trillion of the $5.4 trillion in total commercial real estate debt that was outstanding at the end of the second quarter—more debt than any other asset type other than apartment buildings, according to data firm Trepp Inc. If landlords begin defaulting at a high rate on their mortgages, their distress could ripple through the financial system. (…)

Mr. Yasukochi predicted downsizing would continue to dampen tech’s demand for office space. “The layoffs are starting to gain momentum,” he said.

China’s Economy Takes a Deeper Hit as Retail Sales Turn Negative China’s economy sank into a deeper funk last month as the weight of strict zero-Covid measures, a real-estate downturn and sinking export demand underscored the difficulties of rekindling growth.

(…) Two large provinces—Guangdong, a major export hub in southern China, and Henan, home to Apple Inc.’s main iPhone assembler—have stepped up restrictions over the past month. In Beijing, schools have been shut as many residents have been confined to their homes again as cases surge.

The new restrictions took a toll on retail sales, a key gauge of domestic consumption, which fell 0.5% in October from a year earlier, according to China’s National Bureau of Statistics—the first such year-over-year decline since May, when Shanghai was stuck in a grueling monthslong lockdown. (…)

Spending on restaurant dining dropped by nearly 9% from a year earlier, though sales of medicine and fresh food ticked higher. (…)

Industrial production rose 5% from a year earlier in October, slowing from September’s 6.3% growth, amid falling export demand and weakening domestic sales. Growth in the auto sector slowed particularly sharply, rising just 8.6% in October from a year earlier, down from an increase of 25.4% in September.

Fixed-asset investment, including government spending on infrastructure projects, rose 5.8% in the first 10 months of 2022 from a year earlier, a step down from the 5.9% year-over-year growth for the first nine months. (…)

Home sales by value fell 28.2% from a year earlier for the first 10 months of 2022, compared with a 28.6% decrease for the first nine months, the National Bureau of Statistics said Tuesday.

Property investment fell 8.8% from a year earlier for the first 10 months of the year, worsening from a 8% decline for the first nine months. (…)

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  • Integrated circuits contracted 26.7%YoY, the biggest contraction among all items in industrial production. Integrated circuits represent the biggest share of exports in China. It is an indicator of global economic growth. The big contraction in this item gives us an important signal that the external environment for China is slowing, and will affect exports and related manufacturing activity as well as the jobs market and wages in the manufacturing industry. (ING)
Japan’s Economy Contracts Slightly in the Third Quarter The world’s third-largest economy contracted for the first time in a year, reflecting weak external demand and a sluggish recovery in private spending.
Russian Oil Exports Hold Up Despite Impending EU Ban Moscow will struggle to redirect shipments elsewhere, threatening to further tighten global energy markets, the International Energy Agency said.

More than 1 million barrels a day of Russian oil exports are set to be obstructed by Western sanctions that are expected to come into force within weeks, the International Energy Agency said Tuesday, and Moscow will struggle to redirect shipments elsewhere, threatening to further tighten global energy markets. (…)

Russian exports to the EU were 1.5 million barrels a day in October, of which 1.1 million barrels a day will be halted when the bloc’s ban comes into effect on Dec. 5, the IEA said.

It was unclear how much of those supplies Russia would be able to redirect to customers elsewhere in the world, the IEA said. India, China and Turkey have snapped up discounted Russian crude shipments, but buying from those nations has stabilized in recent months, the IEA said. Meanwhile, the volume would be too large for the remaining nations to absorb, the agency said. (…)

The agency increased its 2022 forecasts for global oil demand by 170,000 barrels a day to 99.8 million barrels a day. For 2023, it raised its oil demand forecasts by 130,000 barrels a day to 101.4 million barrels a day.

Russia’s declining oil output will drag on global supplies which will grow at an anemic rate next year, failing to keep pace with growing oil demand. The IEA said global oil supplies would rise to 100.7 million barrels a day in 2023, 100,000 barrels a day more than it was forecasting last month, but still 700,000 barrels a day short of the world’s expected appetite for oil.

JPMorgan’s Kolanovic Trims Bullish Stocks Call on Recession Risk
Buffett Takes $5 Billion Stake in TSMC, Sparking Surge in Shares
Biden Trade Chief Says Xi Meeting Sends Powerful Signal to World

The face-to-face meeting between US President Joe Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping was a powerful signal to the rest of the world that both leaders can manage ties, according to US trade chief Katherine Tai.

“It’s a really good thing, it’s really important” that the talks took place, Tai told the Bloomberg New Economy Forum in Singapore on Tuesday. (…)

“The two leaders have tasked their senior officials to continue to communicate and we are looking forward to building on the open and candid conversations that we have been having with our counterparts in Beijing,” she said. (…)

Presidents Xi and Biden greeted each other with a handshake and agreed to resume bilateral talks on climate change, economic stability and health and food security. The White House said in a statement afterward that Secretary of State Antony Blinken would travel to China to follow up.

Plenty of disagreements remain, over topics including Taiwan, technology and human rights. But tensions have eased, with China’s statement offering the US more incentives to work together and issuing fewer warnings than other recent communications. (…)

In July, Xi bluntly accused the US of “misperceiving” China as a primary rival that posed a long-term challenge. On Monday, the emphasis fell on the benefits a rising China could bring to the US.

“The world is big enough for the two countries to develop themselves and prosper together,” Xi said, adding that “under the current circumstances, China and the United States share more, not less, common interests.”

(…) on Monday, Xi focus on mutual benefits, saying: “The two economies are deeply integrated, and both face new tasks in development. It is in our mutual interest to benefit from each other’s development.” (…)

THE DAILY EDGE: 14 NOVEMBER 2022

Cautious Optimism on Skirting Recession (Moody’s)

We are sticking to our baseline assumption that the Federal Reserve is able to engineer a soft landing that skirts a recession as inflation, over time, returns to the central bank’s target. Though the U.S. is not in recession, the economic expansion is highly vulnerable to anything that might go wrong. (…) However, if a downturn is in the cards for the U.S. economy, it is likely to come from a currently underappreciated weakness brought to light by the sharply rising cost of capital. (…)

The risk of overtightening seems to be one that the Fed is willing to stomach. Tightening accommodative policy, which acts on a lag, too quickly and by too much represents the most significant potential catalyst for a U.S. recession. (…)

Rising long-term interest rates create problems for corporations. Overleveraged firms, accustomed to the Fed’s previous commitment to easy credit given inflation’s generation-long absence, are set to come under pressure as rates rise. A string of corporate defaults or a significant widening of corporate bond spreads could dampen investor sentiment and soften investment. This would presage a turnaround in the labor market, which to this point has been relentlessly tight, and given the Fed cover to continue raising rates. (…)

The U.S. labor market’s strength continues and makes it hard to believe that an economic recession is knocking at the door.

There were, however, some conflicting signals within October’s report that suggest things are beginning to weaken. According to the household survey, the unemployment rate rose from 3.5% to 3.7%. The uptick was owed to a reduction in jobs and the size of the labor force. Generally, we consider the payroll survey more credible because of its far-larger sample. The household survey, however, may hold some value when the labor market is at a turning point. The household survey, for example, can capture the impact of firm closures, something that the payroll survey is less successful in capturing.

Since March 2022, payroll employment is up 1.6% while household employment is up only 0.1%. Full time employment (from the household survey) is actually down 0.3% during the same period.

fredgraph - 2022-11-07T063744.547

Is this like the recent discrepancies between Gross Domestic Product and initially faster growing Gross Domestic Income which was eventually revised down to reveal an actually slower economy than originally measured by GDI?

Last month, the household survey was much weaker than the payroll survey with a 328k decline in household employment driven by a 489k decline in the important prime-age employment. The BLS household employment measure adjusted to reflect nonfarm payrolls methodology showed an even larger employment decline (-741k).

Investors read the latest CPI report with their almost total focus on the eventual Fed pivot. Core CPI, up 0.27% MoM, came in somewhat lighter than expected.

Perhaps the most important line in this CPI report will prove to be the headline CPI, up 0.44% after +0.39% in September, and up 7.8% YoY and eliminating any positive growth in real labor income (blue vs red lines).

fredgraph - 2022-11-13T110711.114

The slowdown in real spending growth will thus accelerate (it was +1.9% YoY in September). The hope that accumulated excess savings will act as offsets may be just wishful thinking. Actually, Americans have already tapped out their borrowing capacity and banks have significantly tightened lending standards.

fredgraph - 2022-11-13T111740.558

This next chart deflates aggregate payrolls with my “CPI-Essentials” series, only focusing on inflation in food, energy and shelter which together account for 54% of the CPI. Essentials inflation jumped from zero in July and August to +0.4% in September and +0.85% in October (+9.0% YoY). As a result, aggregate payrolls deflated by CPI-Essentials (red line below) declined -0.9% YoY and will likely drag real spending into negative territory in coming months.

fredgraph - 2022-11-13T065050.483

Goldman Sachs Friday smartly observed that “Investor euphoria over the prospect of a “Fed pivot” contrasts with the deteriorating profit margins and darkening business outlook expressed by many S&P 500 firms.”

  • Disney to Cut Costs, Says Layoffs Likely Chief Executive Bob Chapek announced company-wide cost-cutting measures and told division leaders that layoffs are likely, according to an internal memo viewed by the Journal. The moves come days after Disney reported lackluster earnings.
  • Walmart Is Flexing Its Muscle Again The largest U.S. retailer and other industry giants are taking an increasingly aggressive stance with suppliers as the economy slows. ‘The world has turned.’

America’s biggest retailer has a new message for its suppliers: We’re not going to pay higher prices anymore.

Walmart Inc. WMT 0.15%increase; green up pointing triangle Chief Executive Doug McMillon delivered the warning in person last month in an appearance before companies that produce products sold by the company’s Sam’s Club chain. Inside a hotel auditorium, he said Walmart would be pushing back against suppliers’ efforts to raise prices, according to people familiar with the situation. (…)

Walmart, long known for its ability to lower prices by squeezing vendors, is once again showing its muscle as a slowing economy and an inventory glut upend a power dynamic between retailers and suppliers that took hold during the pandemic, when demand surged for everything from paper towels to patio furniture. (…)

Large retailers are canceling orders, resisting price increases and in some cases asking suppliers to provide discounts. This puts pressure on product makers that are struggling to adapt to shifting consumer demand. It could also contribute to a slowing of inflation. (…)

The pullback from retailers is spreading across numerous companies that make products sold in stores around the country. (…)

The WSJ numbers show that Amazon inventories were up 58% YoY in July, Target: +36% and Walmart +25.5%. Their aggregate sales exceed $1.2 trillion! U.S. GDP in 2021: $23T.

European companies have defied the continent’s darkening economic prospects by raising prices, but there are signs the strategy that has protected their profits is sputtering.

Executives at some of the companies that have benefited from sharply higher prices are warning that soaring energy and food bills and concerns about jobs are beginning to deflate consumers’ appetite for their products. (…)

In Germany, the European Union’s biggest economy, incoming orders for manufacturers fell 4% overall in September after falling in August. Orders for German manufacturers from the eurozone fell twice as much. (…)

Yet, company earnings have surprised on the upside, largely thanks to price rises that have matched or exceeded rising costs. (…)

Coming to company reports soon: slower real sales, slower price hikes, if any, “naturally” squeezing margins for goods producers and distributors.

Pointing up But there’s also, unbeknown to many, the FIFO accounting margin squeeze soon to hit P&Ls. The WSJ last June 27:

Inflation Puts Spotlight on Companies’ Use of Last-In, First-Out Accounting

Concerns about rising inflation and slowing growth are putting the spotlight on an accounting method U.S. companies use to lower their federal tax bill by inflating their costs, which also squeezes their quarterly earnings. (…)

With LIFO—which is permitted under the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, but not under International Financial Reporting Standards—companies recognize their most recently acquired inventory through their cost of goods sold. With inflation around a four-decade high, such inventory is more expensive than goods purchased earlier, and acts as a drag on earnings.

Companies use LIFO to lower their taxable income. But to do so, they also must use it for financial accounting, even though it can ding financial results. By contrast, under first-in, first-out accounting—another popular accounting method—companies record the cost of their oldest inventory first.

In 2021, approximately 15% of companies in the S&P 500 used LIFO as their primary inventory method and 50% used FIFO, according to Credit Suisse Group AG , citing annual reports. The remainder used an average-cost method, a combination of methods, or methods that couldn’t be determined, Credit Suisse said. (…)

When costs are rising, FIFO accounting initially boosts margins as selling prices rise faster than input costs. Eventually, the more recent, more costly physical inputs, begin to enter COGS. If selling prices then stall or decline, gross margins are reduced.

When inflation stays high for long periods, FIFO accounting produces inventory profits and rising margins which investors tend to discount as non-operational and fleeting.

EARNINGS WATCH

From Refinitiv/IBES

Through Nov. 11, 460 companies in the S&P 500 Index have reported earnings for Q3 2022. Of these companies, 70.7% reported earnings above analyst expectations and 25.0% reported earnings below analyst expectations. In a typical quarter (since 1994), 66% of companies beat estimates and 20% miss estimates. Over the past four quarters, 78% of companies beat the estimates and 18% missed estimates.

In aggregate, companies are reporting earnings that are 3.4% above estimates, which compares to a long-term (since 1994) average surprise factor of 4.1% and the average surprise factor over the prior four quarters of 7.0%.

Note that 5 of the 11 sectors have a negative surprise factor averaging -4.3%.

Of these companies, 69.8% reported revenue above analyst expectations and 30.2% reported revenue below analyst expectations. In a typical quarter (since 2002), 62% of companies beat estimates and 38% miss estimates. Over the past four quarters, 74% of companies beat the estimates and 26% missed estimates.

In aggregate, companies are reporting revenues that are 2.3% above estimates, which compares to a long-term (since 2002) average surprise factor of 1.2% and the average surprise factor over the prior four quarters of 2.7%.

The estimated earnings growth rate for the S&P 500 for 22Q3 is 4.1%. If the energy sector is excluded, the growth rate declines to -3.6%.

The estimated revenue growth rate for the S&P 500 for 22Q3 is 11.5%. If the energy sector is excluded, the growth rate declines to 8.1%.

The estimated earnings growth rate for the S&P 500 for 22Q4 is -0.1%. If the energy sector is excluded, the growth rate declines to -4.9%.

Q4’22 earnings are now seen down 0.1% vs +5.8% on Oct.1. Ex-Energy: -4.9% (+1.4% on Oct. 1), a third consecutive negative (accelerating) quarter with Q1’23 barely positive for now vs +5.1% on Oct. 1).

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Corporate guidance is gloomier:

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Alibaba Reports Weak Singles Day Sales Growth The annual retail festival is another sign of depressed consumer sentiment under China’s stringent Covid-19 policy.

Alibaba on Friday didn’t disclose exact sales figures for the first time since it started its signature event, known as Singles Day, saying the results were in line with last year’s turnout. Alibaba reaped $84.5 billion in the total value of merchandise sold across its platforms last year, up 8.5% from 2020, the slowest increase since the company started the festival. (…)

Its rival JD.com Inc. also didn’t reveal total sales numbers, saying that sales set a new high and that growth was faster than the industry average. (…)

The country’s retail sales grew 2.5% in September from a year earlier, weaker than the 5.4% expansion seen in August, government data show. Elsewhere, China’s headline measure of joblessness, the surveyed urban unemployment rate, inched up to 5.5% in September from 5.3% in August. Unemployment among young people remained elevated at 17.9%. (…)

China Plans Property Rescue as Xi Surprises With Policy Shifts

Beijing issued its most extensive 16-point rescue package for the struggling real estate market, according to people familiar with the matter, marking a decisive effort to turn around an economy devastated by two years of Covid Zero curbs. (…)

Unlike previous piecemeal steps, the notice included 16 measures that range from addressing the liquidity crisis faced by developers to loosening down-payment requirements for homebuyers, the people said.

As part of the rescue plan, developers’ outstanding bank loans and trust borrowings due within the next six months can be extended for a year, while repayment on their bonds can also be extended or swapped through negotiations, the people added. (…)

Authorities on Friday also issued a set of measures to recalibrate their pandemic response, publicly outlining a 20-point playbook for officials aimed at reducing the economic and social impact of containing the virus.

The changes by no means signal the end of Covid Zero. A day after releasing the new parameters, officials were quick to clarify that Covid rules were being refined, not relaxed, and a strict attitude toward stamping out infections remains China’s guiding principle.

Global investors of Chinese property dollar bonds are still likely facing massive losses. (…)

China home price declines are into their second yearStill, the financial backstop is dwarfed by the looming debt maturities facing developers. China’s property sector has at least $292 billion of onshore and offshore borrowings coming due through the end of 2023. That includes $53.7 billion in borrowings this year, followed by $72.3 billion of maturities in the first quarter of next year. (…)

From the numbers in the chart above, home prices have only declined 2.1% in the past year. I would not trust these NBS numbers.

For one, the independent CEIC has house prices down 3.9% YoY in Sep. 2022. This is still likely too low low. The South China Morning Post says that “Based on sales data from 21 cities, the transaction volume plunged 38 per cent from a year ago, with Hangzhou, the capital of East China’s Zhejiang province, diving 80 per cent, and Beijing’s witnessing a 60 per cent fall.”

Terry sent me these two intriguing links:

(…) The private partner will be responsible for repaying the Chinese loan, the privatisation agency told investors in an online roadshow on Thursday, because it wanted to reduce government’s financing of the plant.

TECHNICALS WATCH

After my favorite technical analysis firm (Lowry’s Research) was acquired by a private equity firm last spring, they boosted my costs and changed the terms such that I regrettably had to cancel. I did not totally mind given the evolving bear market. I expected them to come back to their senses as the bear worsened.

That happened last week. Near bottom?, although Lowry’s is not calling that yet.

The recent extreme volatility is typical of bear markets. We had 5%+ days in 2001 (Jan. 3) and in 2002 (July 24, 29) before the S&P 500 bottomed in October, 14% lower (with another big dip in March 2003). There were 8 mega up days during 2008, averaging +7.2%, the last one on December 16 (+5.1%) with a 913 close, 27% above the March 6, 2009 low of 666.

This snapshot of 2002-03 illustrates the extreme volatility and the behavior of the 100dma and 200dma trendlines (charts courtesy of TradingView):

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  • 2008-09:

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  • 2022:

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The body of technical evidence says that most long-term measures remain in a downtrend.

  • S&P 500 Large Cap Index – 13/34–Week EMA Trend at the Nov. 10 close (CMG Wealth):

  • The large gap with the S&P 500 200dma has been closed…once more…

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  • …but the 200dma is still falling

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FYI, this week, FOMC member will be sharing their thoughts on the recent CPI report and monetary policy. It starts today at 11:30 with Vice-Chair Lael Brainard and at 6:30PM with NY Fed’s John Williams, both highly influential. There are eleven other speaking engagements this week, none from Jay Powell.

Stocks vs Bonds: The ASR global stocks vs bonds indicator is saying 2 things:
  • -there’s a long way to go in the equity bear market
  • -odds are massively in favor of bonds beating stocks in the coming months/years (Callum Thomas)

@IanRHarnett

Morgan Stanley Sees Rough Ride for US Stocks in 2023

US stocks will end 2023 almost unchanged from their current level — but will have a bumpy ride to get there, according to Morgan Stanley’s Michael Wilson.

The top-rated strategist sees a “volatile path” to get to his 2023 year-end S&P 500 base-case target of 3,900 index points, about 2% below where the gauge closed on Friday. He expects stocks to fall as earnings estimates come down, before rebounding in the second half of the year.

“The path forward is much more uncertain than a year ago, and likely to bring several twists and days/weeks of remorse for investors regretting they traded it differently,” Wilson wrote in a note on Monday. In the short-term, he sees the stock-market rebound sparked by last week’s good inflation data running for a few more weeks.

The portfolio strategist — who correctly predicted the slump this year and is ranked No. 1 in the latest Institutional Investor survey — said consensus earnings estimates for 2023 are still much too high. His base case is for US company profits to decline 11% in 2023, before a strong rebound in 2024 as positive operating leverage returns. (…)

Wilson expects the S&P 500 to trough between 3,000 and 3,300 index points — at least 17% below current levels — in the first quarter. (…)

JPMorgan Chase & Co. strategist Mislav Matejka is more positive. He sees continued support to equity markets from a peak in bond yields, cooling inflation, light positioning, and the likelihood of a smaller-than-typical earnings contraction, according to a report on Monday.

FTX starts bankruptcy proceedings and Bankman-Fried resigns as CEO (Axios)

Sam Bankman-Fried, SBF, as he’s universally known, was in many ways the public face of crypto.

  • No other industry player had so much credibility — and money — that Tony Blair and Bill Clinton would fly to the Bahamas to make a joint appearance at his crypto conference.
  • That credibility is now shot to smithereens, and there’s no one who can take his place. It’s a safe bet that neither Clinton nor Blair will ever appear at a crypto conference again.

Scam Bankrupt Fraud, as ZeroHedge nicknamed him, tweeted last Monday: “FTX has enough to cover all client holdings. We don’t invest client assets (even in treasuries).”

  • That tweet has been deleted, probably because it’s simply not true. The WSJ has reported that FTX lent more than half of its customer funds to its sister company Alameda, and Reuters earlier reported that FTX had transferred at least $4 billion of its funds to Alameda.
  • That would explain why FTX had to pause withdrawals on Tuesday morning — it simply didn’t have client assets on hand.

All fake, except some $9B in client losses… And now this:

Trust, anybody?

The NBA’s Steph Curry, the NFL’s Tom Brady and tennis star Naomi Osaka are among the celebrity athletes who partnered with FTX.

Iran’s Protesters Mark ‘Bloody Friday’ Deaths Demonstrators in southeastern Iran clashed with security forces as they gathered to mourn the deaths of dozens of people during the antigovernment protests that have swept across the country, in one of the most serious challenges to the clerical establishment in decades.